1832- The Treaty of Payne's Landing was concluded with some Seminole chiefs in Florida who accepted resettlement in lands allotted to their related nation, the Creek, west of the Mississippi Rier. But other chiefs and their follows demurred and remained on their Florida lands. White settlers stepped up their campaign of harassment and insisted that the U.S. government force the Seminoles to obey the provisions of the treaty. Continued resistance to resettlement led to the Second Seminole War (1835-1842)

1835- The federal government was committed to a policy of removing all eastern Indians to reservations west of the Mississippi River. To that end a treaty had been signed in 1832 with the Seminole Indians of Florida. When the time came in 1835 to begin the move, many Seminoles refused to go. Resistance was led by the Indian chief Osceola, whose father was not an Indian. In November the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) erupted. Federal troops were sent to Florida but had little success against the Indians, whose raiding parties struck quickly and then vanished. Osceola was taken prisoner in 1837 while negotiating under a flag of truce; he died in prison on January 30, 1838. The American Forces did not overcome the Seminole resistance until 1842. The cost of the U.S. was 1500 dead and $20,000,000.

1840- Captain Gabriel J. Rains, serving in the campaign against the Seminole Indians, began to experiment with the first land mines. Their first significant use by Rains, then an officer of the Confederate Army, was in 1862 at Yorktown and Williamsburg, Va.